Neutrinos Do Not Exist

Missing Energy as Only Evidence for Neutrinos

Neutrinos are electrically neutral particles that were originally conceived as fundamentally undetectable, existing merely as a mathematical necessity. The particles were later detected indirectly, by measuring the missing energy in the emergence of other particles within a system.

Neutrinos are often described as ghost particles because they can fly through matter undetected while oscillating (morphing) into three different mass variants (m₁, m₂, m₃) named flavor states (νₑ electron, ν_μ muon and ν_τ tau) that correlate with the mass of emerging particles in cosmic structure transformation.

The emerging leptons emerge spontaneously and instantaneous from a system perspective were it not for the neutrino to supposedly cause their emergence by either flying energy away into the void, or by flying energy in to be consumed. The emerging leptons are relative to either structure complexity increase or decrease from a cosmic system perspective, while the neutrino concept, by attempting to isolate the event for energy conservation, fundamentally and completely neglects structure formation and the bigger picture of the complexity, most commonly referenced as the cosmos being fine tuned for life. This instantly reveals that the neutrino concept must be invalid.

The ability of neutrinos to change their mass up to 227x in size (by comparison, a human switching their mass into the size of three full grown 🦣 mammoths), when considering that this mass is fundamental to cosmic structure formation at its root, implies that this potential for mass change must be contained within the neutrino, which is an inherent Qualitative dimension from a philosophical perspective because the cosmic mass effects of neutrinos are evidently not random.

The implication is simple: an inherently Qualitative context cannot be contained in a particle. An inherently Qualitative dimension can only be a priori relevant to the visible world, which instantly reveals that this phenomenon belongs to philosophy and not science and that the neutrino will prove to be a 🔀 crossroad for science, and thus an opportunity for philosophy to regain a leading explorative position, or a return to Natural Philosophy, a position that it once left by subjecting itself to corruption for scientism as revealed in our investigation of the Einstein-Bergson debate of 1922 and the publication of the correlated book Duration and Simultaneity by philosopher Henri Bergson, which can be found in our books section.

Corrupting the Fabric of Nature

The neutrino concept, either the particle or modern quantum field theory interpretation, fundamentally depends on a causal context through Z⁰ boson weak force interaction, which mathematically introduces a tiny time window at the root of structure formation. This time window in practice is considered to tiny to be observed but nonetheless this has profound consequences from a philosophical perspective. This tiny time window implies in theory that the fabric of nature can be corrupted in time, which is absurd since it would require nature to exist before it can corrupt itself. This is analogous to the idea of a physical God-being existing before the Universe was created, and from a philosophical perspective, this provides the fundamental foundation and modern justification for Simulation Theory or the idea of a magical ✋ Hand of God (alien or otherwise) being able to control and master existence itself. This also reveals at first sight that the neutrino concept must be invalid.

The philosophical aspects of the phenomenon underlaying the neutrino concept, and how it relates to Metaphysical Quality, is explored in chapter …: Philosophical Examination The 🔭 CosmicPhilosophy.org project originally started with the publication of this Neutrinos Do Not Exist example investigation and the book Monadology about ∞ Infinite Monad Theory by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, to reveal a link between the neutrino concept and Leibniz metaphysical concept. The book can be found in our books section.

The Attempt to Escape ∞ Infinite Divisibility

The neutrino particle was postulated in an attempt to escape ∞ infinite divisibility in what its inventor, Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli, called a desparate remedy to preserve the law of energy conservation.

I have done a terrible thing, I have postulated a particle that cannot be detected.

I have hit upon a desperate remedy to save the law of conservation of energy.

The fundamental law of energy conservation is a cornerstone of physics, and if it were to be broken, it would render much of physics invalid. Without the conservation of energy, the fundamental laws of thermodynamics, classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, and other core areas of physics would be called into question.

Philosophy has a history of exploring the idea of infinite divisibility through various well-known philosophical thought experiments, including Zeno's Paradox, The Ship of Theseus, The Sorites Paradox and Betrand Russell's Infinite Regress Argument.

The phenomenon underlaying the neutrino concept may be captured by philosopher Gottfried Leibniz ∞ infinite Monad theory which is published in our book section.

A critical investigation of the neutrino concept can provide profound philosophical insights.

Natural Philosophy

Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

Prior to the 20th century, physics was called Natural Philosophy. Questions of why the Universe appeared to obey laws were considered as important as the mathematical descriptions of how it behaved.

The shift from natural philosophy to physics started with Galileo and Newton's mathematical theories in the 1600s, however, energy and mass conservation were considered separate laws that lacked philosophical grounding.

The status of physics changed fundamentally with Albert Einstein's famous equation E=mc², which unified energy conservation with mass conservation. This unification created a kind of epistemological bootstrap that enabled physics to achieve self-justification, escaping the need for philosophical grounding altogether.

By demonstrating that mass and energy were not just conserved separately but were transformable aspects of the same fundamental quantity, Einstein provided physics with a closed, self-justifying system. The question Why is energy conserved? could be answered with Because it is equivalent to mass, and mass-energy is a fundamental invariant of nature. This moved the discussion from philosophical grounds to internal, mathematical consistency. Physics could now validate its own laws without appealing to external philosophical first principles.

When the phenomenon behind beta decay implied ∞ infinite divisibility and threatened this new founded bedrock, the physics community faced a crisis. To abandon conservation was to abandon the very thing that had granted physics its epistemological independence. The neutrino was not merely postulated to save a scientific idea; it was postulated to save the newfound identity of physics itself. Pauli's desperate remedy was an act of faith in this new religion of self-consistent physical law.

History of the Neutrino

During the 1920s, physicists observed that the energy spectrum of the emerging electrons in the phenomenon that would later be called nuclear beta decay was continuous. This violated the principle of energy conservation, as it implied the energy could be divided infinitely from a mathematical perspective.

The continuity of the observed energy spectrum refers to the fact that the kinetic energies of the emerging electrons form a smooth, uninterrupted range of values that can take any value within a continuous range up to the maximum allowed by the total energy.

The term energy spectrum can be somewhat misleading, as the problem is more fundamentally rooted in the observed mass values.

The combined mass and kinetic energy of the emerging electrons was less than the mass difference between the initial neutron and the final proton. This missing mass (or equivalently, missing energy) was unaccounted for from an isolated event perspective.

Einstein and Pauli working together in 1926.

This missing energy problem was resolved in 1930 by Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli with his proposal of the neutrino particle that would carry the energy away unseen.

I have done a terrible thing, I have postulated a particle that cannot be detected.

I have hit upon a desperate remedy to save the law of conservation of energy.

Bohr-Einstein debate in 1927

At the time, Niels Bohr, one of the most revered figures in physics, suggested that the law of conservation of energy might only hold statistically on the quantum scale, not for individual events. For Bohr, this was a natural extension of his principle of complementarity and the Copenhagen interpretation, which embraced fundamental indeterminacy. If the core of reality is probabilistic, perhaps its most fundamental laws are too.

Albert Einstein famously declared, God does not play 🎲 dice. He believed in a deterministic, objective reality that existed independently of observation. For him, the laws of physics, especially conservation laws, were absolute descriptions of this reality. The Copenhagen interpretation's inherent indeterminacy was, to him, incomplete.

Until this day the neutrino concept is still based on missing energy. GPT-4 concluded:

Your statement [that the only evidence is missing energy] accurately reflects the current state of neutrino physics:

• All neutrino detection methods ultimately rely on indirect measurements and mathematics.

• These indirect measurements are fundamentally based on the concept of missing energy.

• While there are various phenomena observed in different experimental setups (solar, atmospheric, reactor, etc.), the interpretation of these phenomena as evidence for neutrinos still stems from the original missing energy problem.

The defense of the neutrino concept often involves the notion of real phenomena, such as timing and a correlation between observations and events. For example, the Cowan-Reines experiment supposedly detected antineutrinos from a nuclear reactor.

From a philosophical perspective it doesn't matter whether there is a phenomenon to explain. At question is whether it is valid to posit the neutrino particle.

Nuclear Forces Invented for Neutrino Physics

Pauli's neutrino concept provided a way to escape the implication of infinite divisibility and both nuclear forces, the weak nuclear force and the strong nuclear force, were invented to facilitate neutrino physics.

Weak Nuclear Force

In 1934, 4 years after the postulation of the neutrino, Italian-American physicist Enrico Fermi developed the theory of beta decay that incorporated the neutrino and that introduced the idea of a new fundamental force, which he called the weak interaction or weak force.

At the time, the neutrino was believed to be fundamentally non-interacting and undetectable, which caused a paradox.

The motive for the introduction of the weak force was to bridge the gap that arose from the fundamental inability of the neutrino to interact with matter. The weak force concept was a theoretical construct developed to reconcile the paradox.

Strong Nuclear Force

A year later in 1935, 5 years after the neutrino, Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa postultated the strong nuclear force as a direct logical consequence of the attempt to escape infinite divisibility. The strong nuclear force in its essence represents mathematical fractionality itself and is said to bind three¹ sub-atomic Quarks (fractional electric charges) together to form a proton⁺¹.

¹ While there are various Quark flavors (strange, charm, bottom, and top), from a fractionality perspective, there are just three Quarks. The Quark flavors introduce mathematical solutions for various other problems such as exponential mass change relative to system-level structure complexity change (philosophy's strong emergence).

As of this day, the strong force has never been physically measured and is considered to small to observe. In the same time, similar to neutrinos flying energy away unseen, the strong force is considered responsible for 99% of the mass of all matter in the Universe.

The mass of matter is given by the energy of the strong force.

(2023) What’s so hard about measuring the strong force? Source: Symmetry Magazine

Gluons: Cheating Out of ∞ Infinity

There is no reason why the fractional Quarks could not be divided further into infinity. The strong force did not actually resolve the deeper issue of ∞ infinite divisibility but rather represented an attempt to manage it within a mathematical framework: fractionality.

With the later introduction of gluons in 1979 - the supposed force carrying particles of the strong force - it is seen that science aspired to cheat out of what otherwise had remained an infinite divisible context, in an attempt to cement or solidify a mathematically chosen level of fractionality (Quarks) as the irreducible, stable structure.

As part of the gluon concept, the concept infinity is applied to the concept Quark Sea without further consideration or philosophical justification. Within this Infinite Quark Sea context, virtual quark-antiquark pairs are said to constantly emerge and disappear without being directly measurable, and the official notion is that an infinite number of these virtual quarks exist at any given time within a proton because the continuous process of creation and annihilation leads to a situation where, mathematically, there is no upper limit to the number of virtual quark-antiquark pairs that can exist simultaneously within a proton.

The infinite context in itself is left unaddressed, philosophically unjustified, while in the same time (mysteriously) functioning as the root of 99% of the mass of the proton and therewith all mass in the cosmos.

A student on Stackexchange asked the following in 2024:

I am confused by different papers I have seen on the internet. Some say there are three valence quarks and an infinite of sea quarks in a proton. Others say there are 3 valence quarks and a large amount of sea quarks.

The official answer on Stackexchange results in the following concrete statement:

There are an infinite number of sea quarks in any hadron.

(2024) How many quarks in a proton? Source: Stack Exchange

The most modern understanding from lattice Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD) confirms this picture and increases the paradox.

• Simulations show that if you could turn off the Higgs mechanism, making the quarks massless, the proton would still have roughly the same mass.

• This proves conclusively that the proton's mass is not a sum of the masses of its parts. It is an emergent property of the infinite gluon quark sea itself.

• The proton is, in this theory, a glueball—a bubble of self-interacting gluon quark sea energy—stabilized by the presence of the three valence quarks, which act like ⚓ anchors in an infinite sea.

Infinity Cannot Be Counted

Infinity cannot be counted. The philosophical fallacy at play in mathematical concepts such as the infinite quark sea is the fact that the mind of the mathematician is excluded from consideration, resulting in a potential infinity on paper (in mathematical theory) of which it cannot be said that it is justified to be used as a foundation for any theory of reality, because it is fundamentally dependend on the mind of the observer and its potential for actualization in time.

This explains that in practice, some scientists feel inclined to argue that the actual amount of virtual quarks is almost infinite, while when it comes down to it when asked about the amount specifically, the concrete answer is actual infinite.

The idea that 99% of the mass of the cosmos emerges from a context that is assigned infinite and of which it is said that the particles exist to short to be physically measured, while claiming they actually exist, is magical and doesn't differ from mystic notions of reality, despite science's claim of predictive power and success, which for pure philosophy is not an argument.

Logical Contradictions

The neutrino concept contradicts itself in several profound ways.

In the introduction of this article it was argued that the causal nature of the neutrino hypothesis would imply a tiny time window inherent to structure formation at its most fundamental level, which would imply, in theory, that the existence of nature itself can be fundamentally corrupted in time, which would be absurd because it would require nature to exist before it can corrupt itself.

When taking a closer look at the neutrino concept, there are many other logical fallacies, contradictions and absurdities. Theoretical physicist Carl W. Johnson from the University of Chicago argued the following in his 2019 paper titled Neutrinos Do Not Exist, that describes some of the contradictions from the perspective of physics:

As a Physicist, I know how to calculate the odds of a two-way head on collision happening. I also know how to calculate how ridiculously rare it would be for a three-way simultaneous head on collision to occur (essentially never).

(2019) Neutrinos Do Not Exist Source: Academia.edu

The Official Neutrino Narrative

The official neutrino physics narrative involves a particle context (neutrino) combined with particle based (Z⁰ boson) weak nuclear force interaction to explain a transformative process phenomenon within cosmic structure.

• A neutrino particle (a discrete, point-like object) flies in.

• It exchanges a Z⁰ boson (another discrete, point-like object) with a single neutron inside the nucleus via the weak force.

• This transfer of momentum causes the neutron to recoil, and by extension, the nucleus.

The Z⁰ boson has never been physically observed and its time window for interaction is considered to be to tiny to be observed. In its essence, what the Z⁰ boson based weak nuclear force interaction represents is a mass effect within structural systems, and all that is actually observed is a mass related effect in the context of structure transformation.

The cosmic system transformation is seen to have two possible directions: decrease and increase of system complexity (named beta decay and inverse beta decay respectively).

• In beta decay (system complexity decrease transformation: neutron → proton⁺¹ + electron⁻¹), the neutrino flies energy away unseen, carrying off mass-energy into the void, seemingly lost to the local system.

• In inverse beta decay (system complexity increase transformation: proton⁺¹ → neutron + positron⁺¹), the antineutrino is supposedly consumed, its mass-energy seemingly flown in unseen to become part of the new, more massive structure.

The complexity inherent in this transformation phenomenon is evidently not random and is directly relative to the reality of the cosmos, including the foundation of life (a context commonly refered as fine tuned for life). This implies that rather than a mere structure complexity change, the process involves structure formation with a fundamental situation of something out of nothing or order out of non-order.

Structure Complexity and Mass

As the complexity of structures grows, the associated mass and gravitational effects exhibit an exponential, rather than linear, increase. The evidence for this pattern is plainly observable across multiple scales of the physical world. From the atomic and molecular levels, where the mass of structures cannot be simply deduced from the sum of their constituent parts, to the cosmic scale, where the hierarchical formation of large-scale structures is accompanied by a dramatic increase in gravitational phenomena, the pattern is clear and consistent.

The disproportionate growth of gravity cannot be a secondary or incidental consequence, and implies a deep, intrinsic coupling between the processes of structure formation and the manifestation of gravitational phenomena.

The neutrino narrative seeks to explain the observed mass change from an isolated event perspective that completely excludes and neglects structure formation and the bigger cosmic system context. This instantly reveals that the neutrino concept must be invalid.

Neutrino Fog

Evidence That Neutrinos Cannot Exist

A recent news article about neutrinos, when critically examined using philosophy, reveals that science neglects to recognize what is to be considered plainly obvious.

(2024) Dark matter experiments get a first peek at the neutrino fog The neutrino fog marks a new way to observe neutrinos, but points to the beginning of the end of dark matter detection. Source: Science News

Dark matter detection experiments are increasingly being hindered by what is now called neutrino fog, which implies that with increasing sensitivity of the measurement detectors, neutrino’s are supposed to increasingly fog the results.

What is interesting in these experiments is that the neutrino is seen to interact with the entire nucleus as a whole, rather than just individual nucleons such as protons or neutrons.

This coherent interaction requires the neutrino to interact with multiple nucleons (nucleus parts) simultaneously and most importantly instantaneously.

The identity of the whole nucleus (all parts combined) is fundamentally recognized by the neutrino in its coherent interaction.

The instantaneous, collective nature of the coherent neutrino-nucleus interaction fundamentally contradicts both the particle-like and wave-like descriptions of the neutrino and therefore renders the neutrino concept invalid.

The COHERENT experiment at Oak Ridge National Laboratory observed the following:

The probability of an event occurring does not scale linearly with the number of neutrons (N) in the target nucleus. It scales with N². This implies that the entire nucleus must be responding as a single, cohesive object. The phenomenon cannot be understood as a series of individual neutrino interactions. The parts are not behaving as parts; they are behaving as an integrated whole.

The mechanism causing the recoil is not bumping into individual neutrons. It is coherently interacting with the entire nuclear system at once, and the strength of that interaction is determined by a global property of the system (the sum of its neutrons).

The standard narrative is therewith invalidated. A point-like particle interacting with a single point-like neutron cannot produce a probability that scales with the square of the total number of neutrons. That story predicts linear scaling (N), which is definitively not what is observed.

Science has chosen to completely neglect the simple implication of the COHERENT experiment observations and instead is officially complaining about Neutrino Fog. The standard model's solution is a mathematical contrivance: it forces the weak force to behave coherently by using the nucleus's form factor and performing a coherent sum of amplitudes. This is a computational fix that allows the model to predict the N² scaling, but it does not provide a mechanistic, particle-based explanation for it. It neglects that the particle narrative fails and replaces it with a mathematical abstraction that treats the nucleus as a whole.

Neutrino Experiment Overview:

Neutrino physics is big business. There are billions of USD invested in neutrino detection experiments all over the world.

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) for example costed $3.3 billion USD and there are many being built.

The following list provides AI cite links for fast and easy exploration of these experiments via an AI service of choice:

• Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) - Location: China
• NEXT (Neutrino Experiment with Xenon TPC) - Location: Spain
• 🧊 IceCube Neutrino Observatory - Location: South Pole

[Show More Experiments]

• KM3NeT (Cubic Kilometer Neutrino Telescope) - Location: Mediterranean Sea
• ANTARES (Astronomy with a Neutrino Telescope and Abyss environmental RESearch) - Location: Mediterranean Sea
• Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment - Location: China
• Tokai to Kamioka (T2K) Experiment - Location: Japan
• Super-Kamiokande - Location: Japan
• Hyper-Kamiokande - Location: Japan
• JPARC (Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex) - Location: Japan
• Short-Baseline Neutrino Program (SBN) at Fermilab
• India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) - Location: India
• Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) - Location: Canada
• SNO+ (Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Plus) - Location: Canada
• Double Chooz - Location: France
• KATRIN (Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino Experiment) - Location: Germany
• OPERA (Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus) - Location: Italy/Gran Sasso
• COHERENT (Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering) - Location: United States
• Baksan Neutrino Observatory - Location: Russia
• Borexino - Location: Italy
• CUORE (Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events - Location: Italy
• DEAP-3600 - Location: Canada
• GERDA (Germanium Detector Array) - Location: Italy
• HALO (Helium and Lead Observatory - Location: Canada
• LEGEND (Large Enriched Germanium Experiment for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay - Locations: United States, Germany and Russia
• MINOS (Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search) - Location: United States
• NOvA (NuMI Off-Axis νe Appearance) - Location: United States
• XENON (Dark Matter Experiment) - Locations: Italy, United States

Meanwhile, philosophy can do a whole lot better than this:

(2024) A neutrino mass mismatch could shake cosmology's foundations Cosmological data suggest unexpected masses for neutrinos, including the possibility of zero or negative mass. Source: Science News

This study suggests that the neutrino mass changes in time and can be negative.

If you take everything at face value, which is a huge caveat…, then clearly we need new physics, says cosmologist Sunny Vagnozzi of the University of Trento in Italy, an author of the paper.

Philosophical Examination

In the Standard Model, masses of all fundamental particles are supposed to be provided by the Higgs field except for the neutrino. Neutrinos are also considered their own antiparticle, which is the basis for the idea that neutrinos can explain Why the Universe exists.

When a particle interacts with the Higgs field, the Higgs field switches that particle's handedness—a measure of its spin and motion. When a right-handed electron interacts with the Higgs field, it becomes a left-handed electron. When a left-handed electron interacts with the Higgs field, the opposite occurs. But as far as scientists have measured, all neutrinos are left-handed. This implies that neutrinos cannot acquire their mass from the Higgs field.

Something else seems to be going on with neutrino mass...

(2024) Do hidden influences give neutrinos their tiny mass? Source: Symmetry Magazine

This results in the following logic when following the Standard Model:

1. Bosons cannot exist without carrying a force.

2. Fermions are fundamental to the creation of the force carried by bosons.

3. Therefore it can be established that fermions are the fundamental source of the force exerted by bosons.

Based on this reasoning, it is easy to conclude that neutrinos, which are fermions, must be the source of Gravity.

1. Mass is fundamental to Gravity (Gravity cannot exist without mass) therefore mass is the source of Gravity.

2. Higgs-bosons are the source of mass in all particles except neutrinos.

3. It was established that a fermion is the fundamental source of the mass force exerted by the Higgs-boson.

4. The fundamental fermion for the force of mass cannot be the source of its own mass through the Higgs-boson.

5. Neutrinos are the only fermion that does not acquire its mass from the Higgs-boson.

Since all fermions have mass and must acquire that from the Higgs-boson, except for the neutrino, while it is evident that the source of the mass-force of the Higgs-boson must be a fermion, it is easy to conclude that neutrinos must be the ultimate source of the mass-force of Higgs-bosons and therewith all cosmic Gravity.

It is important to note in this context that Z⁰ boson based weak force interaction through which neutrinos supposedly manifest their mass influence, is fundamentally a mass effect. All that is actually observed is a mass effect.

Philosophical conclusion:

• The phenomenon underlaying neutrinos is the ultimate source of all mass and Gravity in the cosmos.
• Due to oscillation or the potential to change their mass, the origin of the neutrinos Gravitational force and its ability to change that mass must be contained within the neutrino.

This implies that the root of mass and Gravity is inherently a Qualitative dimension, which has philosophical implications.

Galaxies are threaded throughout our universe like a giant cosmic spider web. Their distribution is not random and requires either dark energy or negative mass.

(2023) Universe Defies Einstein’s Predictions: Cosmic Structure Growth Mysteriously Suppressed Source: SciTech Daily

Not random implies qualitative. That would imply that the mass change potential that would need to be contained within the neutrino involves the concept Quality, for example that of philosopher Robert M. Pirsig, author of the most sold philosophy book ever who developed Metaphysics of Quality.

In 2024, a large study revealed that the mass of neutrinos might change in time and can even become negative.

Cosmological data suggest unexpected masses for neutrinos, including the possibility of zero or negative mass.

If you take everything at face value, which is a huge caveat…, then clearly we need new physics, says cosmologist Sunny Vagnozzi of the University of Trento in Italy, an author of the paper.

(2024) A neutrino mass mismatch could shake cosmology's foundations Source: Science News

There is no physical evidence that either Dark Matter or Dark Energy exist. All that is actually observed on the basis of which these concepts are inferred, is cosmic structure manifestation.

• Dark Matter: It behaves like gravity and exerts an attractive force.

• Dark Energy: It behaves like anti-gravity and exerts a repulsive force.

Both dark matter and dark energy do not behave random and the concepts are fundamentally tied to observed cosmic structures. Therefore, from a philosophical perspective, the phenomenon underlaying both dark matter and dark energy should be perceived from the point of view of cosmic structures only, which is Quality per se as for example intended by Robert M. Pirsig.

Pirsig believed that Quality is a fundamental aspect of existence that is both undefinable and can be defined in an infinite number of ways. In the context of dark matter and dark energy, the Metaphysics of Quality, which is based on the idea that Quality is the fundamental force in the universe that stimulates everything from atoms to animals to evolve and incorporate ever greater levels of Quality, could be used to explore the nature of dark matter and dark energy.

For an introduction into Robert M. Pirsig's philosophy on Metaphysical Quality visit his website www.moq.org or listen to a podcast of Partially Examined Life: Ep. 50: Pirsig's Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance